HOT Metrolog Xg Crack Software 20
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Often, the biggest share in the wear of tools used in hot forging processes is also attributed to abrasive wear, while, in fact, other mechanisms are dominant, and abrasive wear is only the final and most easily measurable effect. The intensity of the occurrence of the particular mechanisms is significantly affected by the forging conditions, and more precisely the lubrication. In the case of lubricated and cooled tools, thermo-mechanical fatigue is mostly dominant, whereas for non-lubricated and cooled tools, abrasive wear and plastic deformation dominate [4]. The wear of the forging tools as well as the remaining instrumentation causes a change in the geometry of the product, and any surface flaws of the tools (cracks, defects) are reflected in the forged product, affecting its quality [17,18,19].
Locally, cracks on the insert surface were noticed, especially in the areas where the surface was not flat. In some areas, the depth of the cracks exceeded 500 μm, where material losses and spallings were observed in the nitrided layer; however, on the whole length of the flat walls, the layer maintained its continuity. A big number of cycles and the prolonged operation of temperature caused not only degradation of the nitrided layer of insert no. 3 but also tempering of the native material located directly beneath this layer as well as the formation of characteristic bent crack gaps (Fig. 10c), pointing toward the occurrence of plastic deformations. In the areas visible in Fig. 11, the microstructure is close to that observed in point 14 of insert no.1.
In turn, on the surface of insert no. 3, which originally had a nitrided layer as well as a PVD coating, as it performed a bigger number of cycles, total abrasion and spalling of not only the PVD coating but also the nitrided layer took place, which is confirmed by the microstructure images (Fig. 11c). And so, on the surface of this insert, plastic deformation of the native material as well as the formation of grooves occurred, similarly to the case of insert no. 1. Based on the images with a higher magnification, one can also state that the gaps of the cracks running from the surface of the inserts are perpendicular to the insert only in the case of no. 2. In other two cases, the crack gaps are bent, which are a result of the flow of the insert material. 1e1e36bf2d